Zebulon Pike and His Expeditions to the West

Zebulon Pike and His Expeditions toward the West The officer and pilgrim Zebulon Pike is associated with two endeavors he prompted investigate an area obtained by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. It is regularly expected he ascended Pikes Peak, the Colorado mountain named for him. He didn't arrive at the pinnacles highest point, however he explored in its region on one of his endeavors. Somehow or another, Pikes western journeys are second just to Lewis and Clark. However his endeavors have consistently been dominated by annoying inquiries concerning the inspirations for his excursions. What was he attempting to achieve by trekking around in the already unexplored West? Is it safe to say that he was a covert agent? Did he have mystery requests to incite a war with Spain? Is it accurate to say that he was just a bold Army official looking for experience while filling in the guide? Or then again would he say he was really expectation on attempting to grow the constraints of his countries limits? Crucial Explore Western Territories Zebulon Pike was conceived in New Jersey on January 5, 1779, the child of an official in the U.S. Armed force. At the point when he was an adolescent Zebulon Pike entered the military as a cadet, and when he was 20 years of age he was given an officials commission as a lieutenant. Pike was posted at a few stations on the western boondocks. Furthermore, in 1805 the leader of the U.S. Armed force, General James Wilkinson, gave Pike the task of voyaging northward up the Mississippi River from St. Louis to discover the streams source. It would later be uncovered that General Wilkinson held questionable loyalties. Wilkinson was ordering the U.S. Armed force. However he was additionally subtly accepting installments from Spain, which at the time had huge property along the southwest outskirts. The primary undertaking on which Wilkinson dispatched Pike, to discover the wellspring of the Mississippi River in 1805, may have had a ulterior thought process. It is suspected that Wilkinson may have been wanting to incite a contention with Britain, which at the time controlled Canada. Pikes First Western Expedition Pike, driving a gathering of 20 fighters, left St. Louis in August 1805. He went into present-day Minnesota, spending a winter among the Sioux. Pike masterminded an arrangement with the Sioux and mapped a great part of the district. At the point when winter showed up, he squeezed forward with a couple of men and confirmed that Lake Leech was the wellspring of the extraordinary stream. He wasn't right, Lake Itasca is the real wellspring of the Mississippi. There were doubts that Wilkinson didnt truly care what the genuine wellspring of the stream was, as his genuine intrigue was to sent a test northward to perceive how the British would respond. After Pike came back to St. Louis in 1806, General Wilkinson had another task for him. Pikes Second Western Expedition The subsequent campaign drove by Zebulon Pike stays confounding after over two centuries. Pike was sent westbound, again by General Wilkinson, and the reason for the endeavor stays puzzling. The apparent explanation Wilkinson sent Pike into the West was to investigate the wellsprings of the Red River and the Arkansas River. Also, as the United States had as of late procured the Louisiana Purchase from France, Pike was evidently expected to investigate and provide details regarding the grounds in the southwestern bit of the buy. Pike started his strategic obtaining supplies in St. Louis, and expression of his forthcoming endeavor spilled out. A unit of Spanish soldiers was doled out to shadow Pike as he moved westbound, and maybe even prevent him from voyaging. In the wake of leaving St. Louis on July 15, 1806, with Spanish mounted force clearly shadowing him from a separation, Pike headed out to the territory of present-day Pueblo, Colorado. He attempted and neglected to ascend the mountain that would later be named for him, Pikes Peak. Zebulon Pike Headed for Spanish Territory Pike, in the wake of investigating in the mountains, turned southward and drove his men toward Spanish region. A unit of Spanish soldiers discovered Pike and his men living in an unrefined fortification they had worked of cottonwood trees on the banks of the Rio Grande. When tested by the Spanish warriors, Pike clarified that he accepted he was exploring nature along the Red River, inside domain having a place with the United States. The Spanish guaranteed him he was on the Rio Grande. Pike brought down the American banner flying over the fortress. By then, the Spanish welcomed Pike to go with them to Mexico, and Pike and his men were accompanied to Santa Fe. Pike was addressed by the Spanish. He kept up with his account that he accepted he had been investigating inside An american area. Pike was dealt with well by the Spanish, who moved him and his men forward to Chihuahua and in the long run discharged them to come back to the United States. In the mid year of 1807, the Spanish accompanied him to Louisiana, where he was discharged, securely back on American soil. Zebulon Pike Returned to American Under a Cloud of Suspicion When Zebulon Pike came back to the United States, things had changed drastically. A supposed plot formulated by Aaron Burr to hold onto American domain and set up a different country in the Southwest had been revealed. Burr, the previous VP, and enemy of Alexander Hamilton had been accused of treachery. Additionally ensnared in the supposed plot was General James Wilkinson, the man who had sent Zebulon Pike on his endeavors. To the general population and numerous in the administration, it created the impression that Pike may have assumed someâ shadowy job in the Burr trick. Was Pike actually a covert operative for Wilkinson and Burr? Is it accurate to say that he was attempting to incite the Spanish somehow or another? Or on the other hand would he say he was subtly helping out the Spanish in some plot against his own nation? Rather than returning as a courageous pioneer, Pike had to demonstrate his innocence. After he announced his blamelessness, government authorities reasoned that Pike had acted reliably. He continued his military profession and even composed a book dependent on his investigations. Concerning Aaron Burr, he was accused of injustice yet vindicated at a path at which General Wilkinson affirmed. Zebulon Pike Became a War Hero Zebulon Pike was elevated to study 1808. With the episode of the War of 1812, Pike was elevated to general. General Zebulon Pike told American soldiers assaulting York (presently Toronto), Canada in the spring of 1813. Pike was driving the ambush on the intensely shielded town and the pulling back British exploded a powder magazine during their retreat. Pike was struck by a bit of stone which crushed his spirit. He was conveyed to an American boat, where he kicked the bucket on April 27, 1813. His soldiers had prevailing with regards to catching the town, and a caught British banner was set under his head not long before he passed on. The Legacy of Zebulon Pike Thinking about his courageous activities in the War of 1812, Zebulon Pike was recognized as a military legend. What's more, during the 1850s pilgrims and miners in Colorado started calling the mountain he experienced Pikes Peak, a name which stuck. However the inquiries concerning his campaigns despite everything remain. There are various hypotheses concerning why Pike was sent into the West, and whether his investigations were truly missions of secret activities.

William Faulkner Essays (1598 words) - Modernist Literature

William Faulkner William Faulkner is seen by numerous individuals as America's most noteworthy author of exposition fiction. He was conceived in New Albany, Mississippi where he carried on with a real existence filled with all kinds of challenges. Notwithstanding, in spite of terrible occasions he would get known as an artist, a short story author, lastly one of the best contemporary writer of his time. William Faulkner's achievements came about not just from his affection and commitment of composing, yet in addition from family, companions, and certain wild occasions. William Faulkner's life is an amazing achievement; in any case, it is essential to investigate his life preceding his focused composing profession. In 1905, Faulkner entered the primary evaluation at a youthful period of eight, and promptly gave indications of ability. He not just drew an unequivocally nitty gritty drawing of a train, however he before long turned into a respect move understudy: His report card would show no evaluations underneath Perfect or Excellent (Blotner 21). All through his initial training he would work honestly at perusing, spelling, composing, and number juggling; be that as it may, he particularly delighted in drawing. His deportment at school was high, however it was not as high as it was at home. At the point when Faulkner got elevated to third grade, avoiding the subsequent evaluation, he was asked by his educator what he needed to be the point at which he grew up, and he answered, I need to be an author simply like my extraordinary granddaddy (Blotner 23). At toward the end, (in 1914) Faulkner looked into verse, however nobody in Oxford could guide him with his sonnets. In the interim, Faulkner, who is extremely chatty, would consistently engage Katrina Carter and Estelle Oldham by letting them know distinctively envisioned stories. In the end, Faulkner became attached to Estelle indeed, in the event that he heard her voice he would intentionally endeavor to be seen by Katrina in trusts that she requests that he join her. Estelle before long turned into the sole inspirer and beneficiary of Faulkner's previous sonnets. Unintentionally, a man of honor named Phil Stone would become hopelessly enamored with Estelle's companion, Katrina. Therefore, Katrina had enlightened Stone regarding Faulkner and his verse. So one evening, Stone strolled to Faulkner's home to acclimate, and during his visit he got a few composed stanzas from Faulkner' verse assortments: Anyone could have seen that he (Faulkner) had talent...it was totally self-evident (Blotner 44). Stone turned into Faulkner's dear companion, yet in addition a guide to the youthful essayist toward the start of his profession. Stone promptly gave the potential writer consolation, guidance, and models for his investigation of writing. For instance, Stone would give practice penetrates in accentuation, just as talk Faulkner on objectives and sentence structures. In the interim, Faulkner's primary enthusiasm for school became games, for example, football and baseball, hence his evaluations began to crumble: Bill indicated positively no enthusiasm for the instruction being offered...He looked out the windows, and responded to the least complex inquiries with ?I don't have a clue' (Blotner 39). In the end, he would stop both sports and school out and out. In 1919, his first artistic work was recognized and distributed in The New Republic. The sonnet is a forty-line refrain with a French title that recognizes the impact of the French Symbolist, L'Apres-Midi d'un Faune. In September, Faulkner would take on the University of Mississippi, and during his scholarly years it didn't dissuade him from composing more sonnets. The Mississippian, the understudy paper, distributed Arriving in Luck by Faulkner-the story is a nine-page short story made from his immediate involvement with the Royal Air Force flight preparing in 1916. He has likewise composed a few different sonnets, for example, Cathay, which is distributed in the Oxford Eagle and Sapphic, which is distributed in The Mississippian. Throughout the mid year, Faulkner turned into a house painter in Oxford, furthermore, in the start of harvest time he took on the University of Mississippi; notwithstanding, his initial example of school began to take cost. Faulkner started to cut classes lastly simply quit going. Despite the fact that, this time he took an interest in a dramatization club called The Marionettes, and started to distribute book surveys in The Mississippian. In the late spring of 1921, Faulkner chose to travel to New York to get some expert directions from editors and pundits, since Stone was occupied with his scholastic investigations. Faulkner remained with a man named Distinct Young, where they shared an unbelievably little condo. Afterward, Young acquainted Faulkner with Elizabeth Prall of the Doubleday book shop to check whether she needed some assistance preceding the Christmas surge. Hesitantly, Prall acknowledged and never lamented her decision since. Faulkner made a decent representative well mannered, intrigued, and a standout amongst other sales rep in the store...

Representation of gender in Wong Kar Wais movies Essay Example

Portrayal of sex in Wong Kar Wais motion pictures Essay Example Portrayal of sex in Wong Kar Wais motion pictures Paper Portrayal of sex in Wong Kar Wais motion pictures Paper Paper Topic: Film Men, who are manly, genuinely solid, forceful, scholarly, dynamic, in ward, creation and discerning; Women, who are female, frail, compliant, detached, ward, utilization and enthusiastic. Such sexual orientation generalizations of male and female had profoundly established in our general public and had turned into an authoritative definitions among people. The authoritative meanings of Men and Women are increasingly express in films. There are conventional sexual orientation jobs in motion pictures, particularly in standard business motion pictures, male characters are generally solid, ground-breaking, extreme, rule (female) and courageous; while female characters are typically being-rotected, feeble, femme fatale and want for adoration and sentimental. These customary sexual orientation portrayals on screen have been commonly acknowledged/acclimated by crowds. Thus, makers and executives will in general follow the sex generalizations of male and female, regardless of they are creating/coordinating a romantic comedy, military film, disaster or cop-burglar film. In this article, Im going to investigate Wong Kar Wais motion pictures, which ordered as option, and discover hows the distinctions and likenesses in sexual orientation portrayal between his film and other business, standard motion pictures. Right off the bat, I need to express a few likenesses in sexual orientation portrayal between Wongs motion pictures and standard films. Something extremely fascinating is ladies are consistently femme-fatale in Wongs motion pictures. Possibly they experience no aim to make difficulties, however hello are actually intellectually/truly damaging to men in his motion pictures. For instance, in the film Fallen Angels, the female specialist (Michelle Reis) utilized by the employed executioner Wong Chi Ming (Leon Lai) is clearly a femme-fatale to himself. In the film, the executioner attempted stay away from to meet or even have association with his specialist since e figures they could no longer to keep on their organization if theres any relationship or fellowship between them. The specialist played by Michelle Reis is absolutely undetectable in the executioners life. Before executioner Wong Chi Ming meet his specialist, he finishes each crucial by her phenomenally. In any case, when the executioner meet his delightful female operator, passing comes and thump his entryway. Hes pulled in by his specialist and need to end his business relationship with the operator. She requests that he murder somebody as a splitting kindness, however Wong Chi Ming transforms the hit into a self destruction strategic passed on. Maybe the pretty specialist doesnt intend to make her accomplice kick the bucket, however she is clearly a femme fatale in Wong Chi Mings fate. Other than Fallen Angels, ladies likewise went about as femme fatale or inconvenience creator in his motion pictures. For instance, in the 2 accounts of ChungKing Express, 2 cops are lost themselves and profoundly hurt after dumped by their lady friends. In this film, both of the cops 223 (Takeshi Kaneshiro) and 633 (Tony Leung) fell into lovesick after split up. Cop 223 turned into a man without his spirit and began to fiend to canned-pineapples after his better half left. He was harmed by his ex and even can't thinking legitimately. He alcoholic himself, call his old cohorts with no explanation, run in the downpour, meet outsider in bar the entirety of this activity mean he experiences got difficulties in his psyche and these difficulties was brought about by his better half. In the second piece of the film, Cop 633 additionally hurt by his young lady, he began to chat with Dolls, towel, cleanser and so on n his home, he lost his sense and simply like Cop 223, numerous insane deduction explode in his brain. In this film, ladies assume the job of difficulty creator again that cause 2 men to turn into the casualty in affection and experience the ill effects of lovesick brought about by ladies. In Happy Together, a romantic tale aroun d 2 men, we can likewise observe the emme fatale, troublemaker picture of ladies. There is heres no female character in this film, in any case, Ho Po Wing (Leslie Cheung) is assuming the female job in the sentiment between Lai Yiu Fai and him. In this film, we can see Ho Po Wing is absolutely depend on his beau Lai Yiu Fai and made a great deal of difficulties him. Ho went through all of Lais cash that Lai can't come back to Hong Kong. Ho sells out Lai in adoration over and over. In the early piece of the film, Ho and Lai neglected to go Iguazu Fall and lost their way because of Ho Po Wings botches. In any case, in the late part, after Ho left Lai, Lai Yiu Fai travel to Iguazu Fall alone and he could show up the Fall finally. On the off chance that you analyze this 2 scene, you would locate that female assumed the job of troublemaker once more. But the picture of femme fatale, something in Wong Kar Wais films is very like those standard motion pictures. That is ladies are consistently go about as homemakers or aides for men. In Fallen Angel, executioner Wong Chi Mings female operator discover business for him and settle on choice for him. She concludes who will be slaughtered, how, where and when. She likewise go to his loft and do housework for him when hes not there. In Chungking Express, (Faye Wong) get the key of Cop 633s partment and break into 633s level while hes away. She cleans 633s level and refurbished with new quilts, new garments, new toiletries, new nourishment. Faye even medications 633s filtered water to ensure he gets the chance to rest. The two executioners specialist and Faye are assuming the custom job of ladies as homemaker and partner for men. Nonetheless, they are doing these works for non-customary purposes. Generally, ladies are generalized as housewives. They do housework and different things for men on account of capable. Be that as it may, both the executioners operator and Faye are not spotless and beautify their mens pads since they need to act like housewives. They do housework for men in the motivations behind satisfy their doubts and fulfilling themselves instead of assenting to the job of the cliché homemaker and be a home servant for men. Other than the those likenesses referenced above, we can discover a few contrasts in sex portrayal between Wong Kar Wais films and other standard motion pictures. One of those distinctions is the portrayal of men. In Wong Kar Wais films, men are no saint or even frail behind their solid body. In Fallen Angels, executioner Wong Chi Ming professes to have become an agreement executioner since he is languid and likes to ave others settle on choices for him, so he isn't introduced as a legend. We never know why any of Chi-Mings casualties are set apart for death, he takes others life since its his activity. He murders individuals since he finishes his obligation, similar to post official convey letters, yet no connection to any feeling of gallantry. In addition, Wong Chi Ming neglects to finish his crucial being taken shots down finally. The area of Wong slaughtered in real life is thoroughly disregard to the custom of courage that legend are rarely vanquished. Along these lines, Wong Chi Ming isn't legend however an ordinary individual like you and me. In Chungking Express, shortcoming of men is all the more unmistakably appeared. Both 223 and 633 are Cop and they are customarily expected to genuinely and furthermore intellectually solid. Be that as it may, we cannot see Cop 223 and 633 act like saint to stop wrongdoings and keep up peace in the film. Rather, we can see hows their frail picture after profoundly hurt by their young ladies. 223 powers himself to eat a container of pineapple regular and converse with his canine to discharge his tension, while 633 embraces and talk with his dolls, longs for his ex will return soon. All these activity demonstrated men can be feeble or considerably more fragile than ladies now and again. Such frail picture of men is far unique in relation to the convention which men hould be extreme in genuinely likewise intellectually. Actually, ladies in Wong Kar Wais films were intense, autonomous, free-lively, quiet, cool and generally less enthusiastic than men. The most normal model in Wongs film is the medication bootlegger (Brigitte Lin) in Chungking Express. Shes in cool style that blonde-wigged, wears long coat, and sun-glasses, consistently with a firearm in her handbag. She resists the urge to panic when she is pursuing by individuals need to execute her and destroys her lord and furthermore those medication dispatches who deceived her. She is really assuming the job of saint and introducing chivalry which generally played by men. Ladies in Wong Kar Wais film act dynamic and can say to be forceful in numerous angles, particularly infatuated. Ladies as a rule be the dynamic side in sentiment. They set out to draw near to folks they enjoyed and no dread to make a move to pull in mens consideration. Possibly individuals may feel that Wong Kar Wai presents ladies along these lines since following the conventional man centric belief system and satisfying what men needed (ladies assume the dynamic job in affection) and have indistinguishable to the primary steam films. Be that as it may, in my perspective, ladies be dynamic in affection implies they are freed, liberated in adoration. In Wongs motion pictures, ladies no longer hang tight for mens love, they are not items on rack and trust that somebody will get them. They have rights and opportunity to pick, to approach those folks they adored. For instance, in Chungking Express, Faye cherished Cop 633 from her first sight on him. She doesnt sit tight for 633 put consideration on her, rather, she chooses to break into his level to find him. She cleans and meander in his level ordinarily so as to satisfy her sentimental inclination on him. One more model, Baby (Karen Mok) in the Fallen Angels tempts Wong Chi Ming into a sexual relationship. I dont think its introducing the possibility of man centric, yet introducing a thought that ladies can be dynamic in adoration or even sex. In restriction, Men are more uninvolved than ladies. Regardless of Lai Yiu Fai in Happy Together and Chow Mo Wan In the Mood for Love, they decide to keep their sentiment of adoration inside rather than tell the individual they like. Lai Yiu Fai has extraordinary inclination to his colleague (Chang Zhen), yet he decides not to let him know and let him leave. So also, Chow Mo Wan experience passionate feelings for to his neighborhood Su Li Zhen (Maggie Cheung). Be that as it may, he decides not to tell how profound he cherishes her and keep it as mystery. To maintain a strategic distance from get include among Su and her better half, Chow leaves

GRE Essay Topics List - Easy Steps to Improve Your Writing Skills

GRE Essay Topics List - Easy Steps to Improve Your Writing SkillsA GRE Essay Topics List will save you time and make your GRE training easier. The topics list will include the main topics covered in the course as well as areas for further study. This can be a valuable tool in building up your analytical and writing skills. It can also help you build your vocabulary and introduce other important concepts that should be included in your writing.An online GRE Essay Topics List is a quick and easy way to increase your writing and analytical skills. It includes everything you need to write the most effective GRE essay topics list. It will cover the following topics: grammar, spelling, and punctuation. You can also learn more about the essay topics that affect your score. It will include abbreviations, key phrases, topics associated with the section you are reading and much more.These Essay Topics lists will help you keep track of your progress and reinforce all of your written work. As yo u continue to practice these skills you will improve your score on the GRE. The topics you will review will provide useful information for your GRE test preparation.You can start your GRE essay topics list today. The only thing you will need is a computer and a regular internet connection. All you have to do is type in your topic and click the search button. Your search results will then be displayed right in front of you.There are many websites available online that offer GRE review resources. Some of these websites allow you to make your own personalized essays by choosing different topics and learning about the entire course. If you choose this option, the main focus will be on improving your writing and problem solving skills.There are various websites that will provide you additional GRE practice essays that you can customize to better suit your needs. With these practice papers you will get the chance to practice writing essays as you are writing your original essays.A GRE Ess ay Topics List will help you develop your writing and analytical skills. It is an easy and efficient way to ensure you practice all of your skills in preparing your GRE essay.

An Analysis of the Supernatural in Inferno and The...

11 October 2011 The Supernatural of the Inferno and the Tempest Inroduction Shakespeares The Tempest and Dantes Inferno both exhibit supernatural situations in both pieces of literature by utilizing different practices. It is clear from reading both pieces that the supernatural used was different because each reading explored different worlds of the paranormal. Dialogue played a great role with introducing the supernatural. This dialogue along with the symbols and metaphors clearly showed the mystic side. For instance, In Inferno, Dante the character is struggling between the supernatural forces of good and evil, which are the theme of the story. In the Tempest, It was believed that The Tempest was thought to be one of the last dramatic plays by Shakespeare, nonetheless it has been lately said to be influenced by supernatural. Later it was described as a comedy with mystical characteristics. With that said the supernatural can be classified in The Tempest and Dantes Inferno in many ways. Magic Magic played a huge part in both literature pieces wh en it came down the supernatural. One thing that both had in common was that as authors, they knew how to create immortal symbols that displayed their magic in the mystical world. For example, in the Tempest, the play starts with a big tempest; Prospero, who is the fair Duke of Milan, raises a storm to make the ship of his usurping brother go down into the water, nonetheless the Prosperos ship sinks and he,

Borderline Personality Disorder And Personality Disorders

Introduction Amad, Ramoz, Thomas, Jardri and Gorwood questioned if borderline personality disorder runs in families through genetics. Although not stated borderline personality disorder was first diagnosed as an illness in 1980. Borderline personality disorder is a common mental disability that causes someone to experience unstable moods and occasionally have psychotic episodes. Gene-environment interaction which is when 2 different genotypes respond to different environmental variation in different ways. Plasticity genes which is the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment. A phenotype is a set of observable characters of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism. Polymorphism is another term used which is the presences of genetic variation within a population, upon which natural selection can operate. Many studies performed on this subject which were often ci ted and compared with Amad’s et al. study. Method Amad et al. used quantitative research by analyzing data to figure percentages and likely hood of borderline personality disorder running in families. Amad et al. choose patients 18 years or older with borderline personality disorder, the diagnostics were made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual criteria. Meta-analyses, a method for combining study data from multiple studies, was performed if two or more studiesShow MoreRelatedPersonality Disorders : Borderline Personality Disorder2908 Words   |  12 Pages　　A personality disorder is characterized by a distinct pattern of behavior that does not meet normal standards of behavior within one’s culture. This pattern is ingrained as the norm to the person affected, and the characteristics of the affected person deviate markedly from societal standards (Hebblethwaite, 2009). The two main features that help to identify a personality disorder are chronic interpersonal difficulties and persons with oneâ⠂¬â„¢s identity or sense of self (Livesly, 2001). Within thisRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline )1749 Words   |  7 Pages Borderline Personality Disorder Could you picture yourself being brought face to face with an individual who has a personality similar to a mine field? In other words where or when he/she will explode is never known. This type of personality disorder is called borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder is one of the most scariest and hidden disorders that have baffled our society as well as many health professionals for many years. The DSM IV defines borderline personalityRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline )1361 Words   |  6 Pages Borderline Personality Disorder is named borderline personality disorder because at one point in history they considered this disorder to be on the â€Å"borderline† between neurosis and psychosis. Borderline personality disorder is a severe mental disorder that impacts an individual’s behavior, relationships, and mood. The disorder usually begins during adolescence or young adulthood. People with BPD have a tendency of rapid change in attitude or feelings toward others because they cannot regulateRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline )872 Words   |  4 PagesBorderline Personality Disorder is a mental disorder characterized by instability in mood, impulsiveness, unstable relationships, and chronic emptiness. Borderline Personality Disorder affects approximately two percent of the population, and is predominately found in women. This disorder makes it difficult for people to understand social norms and the dynamics of relationships, so unpredictable a nd erratic behavior are common. Although Borderline Personality Disorder is incurable, it is treatableRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline )1274 Words   |  6 PagesPaper: Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline personality disorder is a serious mental illness that directly affects one’s behavior, moods, and relationships/socialization skills. Borderline personality disorder often is associated with co-occurring disorders like depression, suicidal behaviors, anxiety, abuse of drugs and alcohol, as well as eating disorders. The behavior of a person diagnosed with borderline is also described to erratic and impulsive. The cause of borderline personality disorderRead MoreIs Borderline Personality Disorder? Essay1818 Words   |  8 Pageswill examine the benefit and indications of applying one of a contemporary organized psychological theory to a patient that the writer has already worked with as a summative case study. A brief history of the patient ailment which is borderline personality disorder (BPD) will be discussed as well as treatment plan and choices in accordance with a chosen psychotherapy (mentalisation base therapy MBT). The author will legitimize the purpose beh ind the chosen treatment and conclude his discussion. ForRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder : Borderline Disorder1466 Words   |  6 PagesBorderline Personality Disorder Overview Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by impulsivity, unstable self-image, mood, and trouble with interpersonal relationships. One major characteristic is impulsivity, which is characterized by rapid responding to environmental triggers without thinking (or caring) about long term consequences (Paris, 2007). 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I have known about Borderline Personality Disorder for some time, and I knew my estranged mother was diagnosed with it at one point, but I didn’t really start researching it until a friend lent me a copy of Surviving a Borderline Parent. Part of me was afraid if I learned more about it, I would only feel sympathy for her, and guilt for going no contact. As awful as it sounds

Greek in BCE Essay Example For Students

Greek in BCE Essay New Members There are no fees for anything whatsoever at OPPapers.com. When you become a member at OPPapers.com, you can view full papers, write reviews, post in the forums, add quotes, and post a profile. Your account will be activated immediately. Be sure to include a valid email address in the form below or your account will not be setup properly. If you have donated a paper here before, please go to our claim form. New MembersUsername: Password: Password Again: We ask for your email address for account verification purposes. Your email address will remain invisible! Only your OPPapers.com username will be visible to other visitors. Email Address: (hidden) Sex:Female Male Birthday: JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember 1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th19th20th21st22nd23rd24th25th26th27th28th29th30th31st1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 State: (USA Residents: Select a state)AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest Vi rginiaWisconsinWyoming ORNon USA ResidentsSelect a Country: (Non USA Residents)AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurmaBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos (Keeling) IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongo,Democratic Republic of theCook IslandsCosta RicaCote DivoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicCzechoslovakiaDemocratic Yemen (Aden)DenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEast TimorEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland Islands (Malvinas)Faroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrance,MetropolitanFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaFrench Southern TerritoriesGabonGambiaGeorgiaGerman Democratic RepublicGermanyGhan aGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIran,Islamic Republic ofIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKorea,Democratic Peoples RepublicKorea,Republic ofKuwaitKyrgyzstanLao Peoples Democratic RepublicLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyan Arab JamahiriyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacauMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldova,Republic ofMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNeutral ZoneNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNiueNorfolk IslandNorthern Mariana IslandsNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarReunionRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaS. Georgia and S. Sandwich IslandsSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pier re and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSeychellesSiberiaSierra LeoneSikkimSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwan,Province of ChinaTajikistanTanzania,United Republic ofThailandTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTurks and Caicos IslandsTuvaluU.S. Minor Outlying IslandsUgandaUkraineUnion of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab RepublicUnited KingdomUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican City StateVenezuelaViet NamVirgin Islands (British)Virgin Islands (U.S.)Wallis and Futuna IslandsWestern SaharaYemenYugoslaviaZaireZambiaZimbabweOther (not listed) Paper InformationTitle: Category:American History Biographies Book Reports / Novels Business English History Other Miscellaneous Music and Movies Philosophy Psychology Religion Science Social Issues TechnologyPaper (includ e bibliography)How do I donate my paper?Words/ Pages : 404 / 24

Making History Review Essay Example

Making History Review Paper Essay on Making History None of the reviews I did not understand either why it is interesting or that the book is instructive. To do this it would be necessary to note, although in general terms what the problem sets and how to solve the book. For example, a review of the most important to me is not clear: whether the book is an excuse (apologetics) Nazism as sympathetic depicted the young Hitler. Recently, it has become a fashion: peering, uglyadet to villain in human traits. If this is even partly true, it is a book, no matter how it was fascinating, loathsome in its content if even for a moment we forget in this text, who is Hitler, then we have the phenomenon that yunna morits wonderful christened: fashizmenny fog (the whole of this work with the rest of the illustrations on the theme anyone can see right here): Fashizmenny mist floats above us over Hitler burns star sympathy That kind of relationship with the real history of art from any text that displays Hitler as per onazha. Moreover, in my opinio n, to recognize such text element and part of the modern Nazi ideology ENOUGH crime problem simply put, do not touch, they say, well, Hitler, and Hitler, all like you and me. By the way, this review is not a word about the attitude of the Nazis and Hitler it is however convenient in every respect (as the ladies of his crack up). More disgusting political correctness is difficult to imagine today. Enough not to mention and then the text will be mocking accurately respond to its name: history in the making. And who would add, these creatures. Like you and me?

Collusive Oligopoly Essay Example

Collusive Oligopoly Essay Example Collusive Oligopoly Paper Collusive Oligopoly Paper 1. 0Introduction In a perfectly competitive market it is assumed that owing to presence of manybuyers and many sellers selling homogeneous products,the actions of any singlebuyer or seller has a negligible impact on the market price of product. However in reality this situation is seldom realized. Most of the time individual sellershave some degree of control over the price of their outputs. This condition is referredas imperfect competition. Barriers to entry are the factors that make it difficult for new firms to enter an industry, which lead to imperfect competition. Mostly commonly known barriers of entry areeconomies of scale, legal restrictions, high cost of entry and advertising and productdifferentiation. Imperfect competitive markets can be classified into three categories 1. Monopoly where single seller has control over the industry and no other firmexists producing a close substitute. True monopolies are rare in the present situation. 2. Monopolistic competition where a large number of sellers exist sellingdifferentiated products 3. Oligopoly is an intermediate form of imperfect competition in which only afew sellers exist in the market with each offering a product similar or identicalto the others. Oligopoly usually exhibits the following features: 1. Entry barriers: Significant entry barriers prevail in the markets that thwart thedilution of competition in the long run. This helps dominant firms to maintainsupernormal profits. Though many smaller firms can operate on the periphery of anoligopolistic market, but none of them is large enough to have any considerable effecton market prices and output. 2. Interdependent decisions of non-price competition suchas free deliveries and installation, longer opening hours (e. g. supermarkets and petrolstations),branding of products and heavy spending on advertising and marketing. If firms operate in cooperative mode to minimize the competitions betweenthemselves this behavior is called as Collusion. When two or more firms agree to settheir outputs or prices to divide the market among themselves, it is called as collusive oligopoly. 2. 0 Collusive oligopoly: There are two types of collusive oligopoly A. Price leadership – tacit collusion This occurs when one firm has a clear dominant position in the market and thefirms with lower market shares follow the pricing changes driven by the dominant firm. B. Overt collusion:This occurs when firms openly agree on price, output, and other decisions aimed at achieving high profits. Firms who coordinate their activities throughovert collusion and by forming collusive coordinating mechanisms, such a group ofindependent firms working in unison is called as cartel. When this happens the existing firms decide to engage in price fixing greements orcartels. The aim of this is to maximize joint profits and act as if the market was apure monopoly. 2. 1 Price fixing in collusive oligopoly Collusion is often explained as a product of motive to achieve joint-profitmaximization within a market or circumvent price and revenue instability in anindustry. Price fixing can be deemed as an attempt by suppliers to control supply andfix price at a level close to the level expected from a monopoly. However in order to fix prices, the producers in the market must be able to exertcontrol over market supply. The figure 1 below depicts a producer cartel fixes the cartel price at output Qm andprice Pm decided by the fact where marginal revenue of the cartel MR is equal tomarginal cost MC of the cartel. The distribution of the cartel output among the cartelmembers could be decided on the basis of an output quota system or through mutualagreement. Although the cartel as a whole is maximizing profits, the individual firm’soutput quota is unlikely to be at their profit maximizing point. For any one firm, within the cartel, expanding output and selling at a price thatslightly undercuts the cartel price can achieve extra profits. Unfortunately if one firmindulges in this, the other firms will probably same path same. If all firms break theterms of their cartel agreement, the result will be an excess supply in the market and asharp fall in the price. Under these circumstances, a cartel agreement might breakdown. Fig. Price fixation by cartel and effect on partner of the firm 3. 0 Conditions conducive for formation of cartels 1. Only a small number of firms exist in the industry and barriers prevail to entryprotect the monopoly power of existing firms in the long run. 2. Market demand is not too variable i. e. it is reasonably predictable and not subject toerratic fluctuations which may result to excess demand or excess suppl y. 3. Demand is fairly inelastic with respect to price so that a higher cartel price fetchesincreased total revenue to suppliers in the market. 4. It is easier to monitor each firm’s output. This enables the cartel more easily toregulate total supply and identify firms, cheating on output quotas. 4. 0 Reasons for possible breakdowns of cartels Most cartel arrangements experience difficulties and tensions and some producercartels collapse completely. Several factors can create problems within a collusiveagreement between suppliers: 1. Enforcement problems: The primary objective of the cartel is to restrict totalproduction to maximize total profits of members. But in reality each individualmember of the cartel finds it profitable to raise its own production. Thus theenforcement of output quota becomes difficult for the cartel leading disputes about sharing of the profits. Non-members of the cartel may opt to take a free ride byproducing close to but just under the cartel price. 2. Falling market demand during a recession creates excess capacity in the industryand exerts pressure on individual firms to reduce prices to maintain their revenue. E. g. collapse of the coffee export cartel. 3. The successful foray of non-cartel firms into the industry undermines a cartel’scontrol of the market – e. g. he emergence of online retailers in the book industry in the mid 1990s. 4. The exposure of illegal price fixing by market regulators Governments appoint market regulators to monitor the markets and identify the firmsindulging in collusion. Collusion is undesirable from the standpoint of society as awhole, because inefficient allocation of resources at high prices. In order bringallocation of resources closer to the social optimum, p olicymakers try to induce firmsin an oligopoly to compete rather than cooperate through instrument of antitrust laws. Regulatory bring legal suits to enforce the antitrust laws for example to preventmergers leading to excessive market power prevent. 5. 0 OPEC case study: Most successful cartel Organization of petroleum Exporting countries (OPEC) was formed in 1960. Initiallyit contained only 5 members, the membership of cartel however expanded to 13 by1973. During period 1960-73, OPEC could not be reckoned as a successful cartel. Infact world oil prices declined slightly over the 1960-1970 decade. However the situation underwent a dramatic change in 1973 with the Arab-Israel war. During the war the Arab members of OPEC temporarily cut off oil exports. Theoutcome was ominous: Oil prices more that tripled in a matter of months. Theestimated price of a barrel of oil on the world market was $2. 91 in 1973 but jumped to $10. 77 in 1974. This demonstrated that output restriction could wreak havoc afterresuming exports OPEC continued to hold down output. Subsequently, oil pricesremained relatively stable. However another jolt was inflicted in 1978 whenrevolution took place in Iran. Iranian exports at that time accounted for 20 percent ofall OPEC ex-ports, fell almost to zero. Prices escalated once again and the newgovernment in Iran continued to limit exports, maintaining prices at high levels. The Iran-Iraq War, which started in 1980, resulted in the extensive destruction of oilproducing facilities in both counties and brought down oil exports further. The relative success of OPEC can be attributed to the following advantages it hasenjoyed relative to other cartels. 1. The price elasticity of demand for oil, especially in the short run, is quitelow, implying that moderate output restrictions will produce large priceincreases- a favorable environment for a cartel. In 1973 OPEC outputcontributed to two-thirds of the total world oil production. 2. In 1975 OPEC countries held 70 percent of the world’s proven oilresources that imparted it a substantial market power. 3. OPEC contains a few members, many of the internal problems thatusually trouble a cartel are reduced e. g. reaching agreements, monitoringthe output and coordinating price policies of individual members, issimpler with a few members involved. In fact, since just four countries(Saudi, Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and Venezuela) regulate ? of OPEC’s oilreserves, the effectiveness of cartel is further enhanced. . The biggest danger to a cartel comes from the increased production bynon-members. However exploration, production and building new supplies are time consuming hence this gives OPEC significant short-run power. 5. OPEC has also been benefited by policies of oil importing nations. E. g. Inthe United states for example, price controls on oil and gas kept the pricereceived by domestic oil producer’s artificially low and discouragedproduction and exploration. In addition, tough environmental restrictionson the mining and use of coal slowed the transition to coal as anotherenergy alternative. On one hand domestic consumption was encouragedand production was discouraged resulted in additional demand for oil fromOPEC and the United States inevitably became more dependent onimported oil during the 1970s. But the situation had changed dramatically by early 1982. In March 1982 the pricefor Saudi Arabian light crude oil was $29 a barrel, down in real terms more that 30percent from a year earlier. So also the fraction of oil production had fallen to 40percent by 1984. This ultimately resulted in erosion of power of OPEC. In September 1960 four Persian Gulf nations (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia) and Venezuela formed OPEC, the purpose of which was to obtain higher prices for crude oil. By 1973 eight other nations (Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Gabon) had joined OPEC. Ecuador withdrew on the last day of 1992. OPEC was unsuccessful in its first decade. Real (that is, inflation-adjusted) world prices for crude oil continued to fall until 1971. In 1958 the real price was $10. 85 per barrel (in 1990 dollars). By 1971 it had fallen to $7. 46 per barrel. However, real prices began to rise slowly beginning in 1971, and then jumped dramatically in late 1973 and 1974 from roughly $8 per barrel to over $27 per barrel in the wake of the Arab-Israeli (Yom Kippur) War. Contrary to what many non-economists believe, the 1973 price increase was not caused by the oil embargo (refusal to sell) directed at the United States and the Netherlands that year by the Arab members of OPEC. Instead, OPEC reduced its production of crude oil, thus raising world oil prices substantially. The embargo against the United States and the Netherlands had no effect whatever: both nations were able to obtain oil at the same prices as all other nations. The failure of this selective embargo was predictable. Oil is a fungible commodity that can easily be resold among buyers. Therefore, sellers who try to deny oil to buyer A will find other buyers purchasing more oil, some of which will be resold by them to buyer A. Nor, as is commonly believed, was OPEC the cause of oil shortages and gasoline lines in the United States. Instead, the shortages were caused by price and allocation controls on crude oil and refined products, originally imposed in 1971 by President Nixon as part of the Economic Stabilization Program. By preventing prices from rising sufficiently, the price controls stimulated desired consumption above the quantities available at the legal maximum prices. Shortages were the inevitable result. Countries that avoided price controls, such as West Germany and Switzerland, also avoided shortages, queues, and the other perverse effects of the controls. OPEC is a cartel- a group of producers that attempts to restrict output in order to keep prices higher than the competitive level. The heart of OPEC is the Conference, which comprises national delegations, usually at the level of oil minister. The Conference meets twice each year to assign output quotas, which are upper limits on the amount of oil each member is allowed to produce. The Conference may also meet in special sessions when deemed necessary, particularly when downward pressure on prices becomes acute. OPEC faces the classic problem of all cartels: overproduction and cheating by members. At the higher cartel price, less oil is demanded. That is why OPEC assigns output quotas. Each member of the OPEC cartel has an incentive to produce more than its quota and shave (cut) this price because the cost of producing an additional barrel of crude is typically well below the cartel price. The methods available to shave official OPEC prices are numerous. Credit can be extended to buyers for periods longer than the standard thirty days. Higher grades (or blends) of oil can be sold for prices applicable to lower grades. Transportation credits can be given. Buyers can be offered side payments or rebates. This tendency for individual producers to cheat on the cartel agreement is a long-standing feature of OPEC behavior. Individual producers usually have exceeded their production quotas, and so official prices have been unstable. But OPEC is an unusual cartel in that one producer- Saudi Arabia- is much larger than the others. That is why the Saudis are the swing producer. When prices start downward, they cut their production to keep prices up. One reason the Saudis have behaved that way is that departures from the official prices impose larger total losses on them than on other OPEC members in the short run. Because other producers have huge incentives to produce in excess of their quotas, the Saudis, in order to defend the official OPEC price, have had to reduce their sales dramatically at times. This erosion of Saudi production and sales has tended to reduce their revenues and profits substantially. In 1983 and 1984, for example, the Saudis found themselves producing only about 3. 5 million barrels per day, despite their (then) production capacity almost three times that level. How successful has OPEC been since the early seventies? Not as successful as many people perceive. Except in the wake of the 1979 Iranian revolution, and in anticipation of possible destruction of substantial reserves in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf conflict, real (inflation-adjusted) prices of crude oil have fallen since 1973. Prices began dropping very rapidly in the early eighties after the Saudis concluded that lower prices and higher production were in their best interests. Official prices fell from $34 (for the benchmark crude oil, Arabian light) to $29 in 1983, $24 in 1984, and about $18 in 1986 to 1988. Indeed, even prices unadjusted for inflation often have fallen. For example, prices fell from $35. 10 per barrel ($49. 10 in 1990 dollars) in 1981 to $16. 69 ($18. 69 in 1990 dollars) in 1987. (Price data are shown in table 1, and current reserves, production capacity, and production levels are shown in table 2. ) TABLE 1 ________________________________________ World Crude Oil Prices (U. S. dollars per barrel) ________________________________________ Year Nominal Price In 1990 Dollars Year Nominal Price In 1990 Dollars 1955 2. 25 10. 88 1973 3. 27 8. 69 1956 2. 36 11. 04 1974 11. 17 27. 20 1957 2. 73 12. 34 1975 11. 7 25. 66 1958 2. 45 10. 85 1976 12. 41 25. 86 1959 2. 27 9. 82 1977 13. 33 26. 05 1960 2. 23 9. 49 1978 13. 43 24. 46 1961 2. 27 9. 57 1979 20. 19 33. 78 1962 2. 26 9. 32 1980 32. 27 49. 52 1963 2. 25 9. 13 1981 35. 10 49. 10 1964 2. 23 8. 91 1982 32. 11 42. 22 1965 2. 22 8. 64 1983 27. 73 35. 10 1966 2. 24 8. 42 1984 27. 44 33. 50 1967 2. 27 8. 31 1985 25. 83 30. 63 1968 2. 24 7. 81 1986 12. 52 14. 47 1969 2. 27 7. 50 1987 16. 69 18 . 69 1970 2. 35 7. 36 1988 13. 25 14. 36 1971 2. 52 7. 46 1989 16. 89 17. 59 1972 2. 64 7. 47 1990 20. 42 20. 42 SOURCE: U. S. Departments of Energy, Commerce, and Labor. ________________________________________ TABLE 2 ________________________________________ OPEC Reserves, Production Capacity, and Production Levels ________________________________________ Nation ReservesaCapacitybProductionc Algeria 9,200 800 750 Ecuador 1,514 330 280 Gabon 733 200 260 Indonesia 8,200 1,300 1,200 Iran 92,860 3,000 3,100 Iraq 100,000 3,500 3,100 Kuwait* 97,125 2,200 1,800 Libya 22,800 1,600 1,250 Neutral Zone NA600 300 Nigeria 16,000 1,700 1,700 Qatar 4,500 600 365 Saudi Arabia* 257,559 7,000 5,300 Un. Arab Em. 4,105 2,210 2,060 Venezuela 58,504 2,400 2,000 OPEC Total 763,100 27,440d23,465 World Total 1,001,572 63,740d60,320 aMillions of barrels on January 1, 1990. bMaximum sustainable as of August 1990, thousands of barrels per day. cThousands of barrels per day as of May 1990, excluding natural gas liquids. dNon-OPEC capacity for first quarter 1991, from internal Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration esti mate. * Includes one-half of the Neutral Zone. n. a. - not available. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Energy, Central Intelligence Agency. ________________________________________ This downward trend has increased tensions between two rival groups within OPEC. The price hawks, usually nations with smaller crude oil reserves relative to population, argue for lower oil output and higher prices. The principal hawks within OPEC are Iran and Iraq. The price doves, usually nations with larger reserves relative to population, argue for higher output and lower prices to preserve, over the longer term, their oil markets and thus the economic value of their oil resources. The principal doves within OPEC are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. Such relatively lower prices serve the interests of the doves because oil consumers have used less oil in response to prior price increases. For example, U. S. energy use per dollar of GNP (adjusted for inflation) was 27. 49 thousand BTUs in 1970. By 1988, after the price increases of 1973 and 1979, it had decreased to 19. 93 thousand BTUs. Thus, the price doves, led by Saudi Arabia, generally have resisted pressures for higher prices. Over the long run, real prices of natural resources and commodities usually fall, largely because of technological advances. Crude oil is no exception. Technological advances in seismic exploration have dramatically reduced the cost of finding new reserves, thus increasing oil reserves greatly. Horizontal drilling and other new techniques have reduced the cost of recovering known reserves. Also, improvements in technology provide both substitutes for oil and ways to use less oil to achieve given ends. Moreover, advances in technology will reduce prices for such substitute fuels as natural gas, thus exerting continuing downward pressure on crude oil prices. And increasing willingness to devote resources toward environmental improvement suggests that the market for crude oil will decline relative to those for such cleaner energy sources as natural gas and nuclear technology, unless other technical advances yield substantial improvement in the ability to use oil cleanly. Thus, the demand for crude oil is likely over the long term to decline relative to the demand for competing fuels. This has been the experience of mankind, as wood gradually gave way to coal, which in turn declined as the use of oil expanded. These facts suggest that the economic power of OPEC inexorably will erode. . 0 Conclusion Collusive oligopolies are more like a monopoly. However it is very fragile since self-interest to earn maximum profit of member can tip off the balance and can lead toprice war. The success of collusive oligopoly is quite dependent on the number offirms in involved and their level of cooperation. It can be observed that it is difficultto maintai n cartels in the long run with an exception of OPEC. Policymakers regulate the behavior of oligopolies through the antitrust laws. The proper scope of these laws is the subject of ongoing controversy.

Ethics and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics and Society - Essay Example It involves doing what you consider ethical in the society. In other words, ethical life involves doing the right thing as obliged by the society. The right and good are two different ideas that expound on moral values. These two ideas are very common in our society, and many people tend to interchange them in their communication as well as reference of some things in the society. However, the two are very distinct in what they mean. The idea of the right is related to something obligatory, something that one has to do or follow. In other words ‘right’ defines a moral duty. The idea of good, on the other hand, refers to whatever is desirable. It refers to whatever is worth doing in the society or something that is worth to have. In other words, ‘good’ enhances one’s life mainly when it is part of the life (Timmons, 2012). From the definitions, one can deduce that obligatory and the desirable are totally different things. For instance, pleasure that arise as a result of somebody’s success cannot be regarded as obligatory even though it is morally admirable. Observing social norms is regar ded as a right. Every person is obliged to follow the social norms of oneself society. The activities taking place in the world are a reflection of individual acts. Every person’s act contributes immensely to the way we perceive the world. In other words, the happenings in the world are the products of individual thoughts as well as decisions. My theory can be regarded as an ethical intuitionism because it expounds on the existence of moral beliefs that are determined through not only intuition, but also via intuitive awareness. According to my theory, it is the responsibility of an individual to determine the wrongness or rightness of the decision through referring to these moral beliefs and values. Ethical intuitionism is a value-based theory that is more act-centered that agent-centered (Padilla, 2012). This is evidenced by the responsibility an individual

Contemporary Issues In Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Contemporary Issues In Marketing - Essay Example Marketing has over the years emerged as a prime business concept and pertinent organisational function. It has been observed that marketing is a key towards attaining desired level of success for every company. With the emergence of 21st century, technology has started to play a vital role for the organisations to prepare their marketing mix related strategies and also their overall product assortment (Brown, 2001). In the 21st century, the traditional approaches related to marketing have started to depict their limitations owing to the fact that companies have quite less amount of direct contact with their existing as well as prospective customers. The aspect of information which is quite readily obtainable through the advent of internet has made consumers to become more passive as well as homogenous. Therefore, companies are increasingly finding the need to devise strategic initiatives to retain their customer base. Customer need identification has become one of the leading strategies incorporated in marketing to derive competitive advantage. Companies are also attempting to create inimitable marketing strategies to lure the customers towards their offerings which would in turn enable them establish their brand recognition in the market (Kamei, 2000). In order to comprehend the changing scenario in marketing in the 21st century, Tesco Plc has been selected.Tesco was founded back in 1919 as a m arket stall in London’s East End. From its foundation to till now the company’s business has attained tremendous growth in its global operations. Presently, the company functions in fourteen markets of Asia, North America and Europe. It employs over 500,000 people and serves 10 million customers worldwide in a single week (Tesco Plc, 2012). The company’s headquarter is located in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Tesco is committed to offer the best shopping experience to its diverse range of customers. Moreover, the company is determined to serve its varied customers, communities and partners in best possible way (Tesco, 2012). At present, the company is regarded as one of the largest and successful food retailers operating in the United Kingdom along with its operations in more than 2318 stores located across the world. The company sells more than 40,000 food items in its distinctly located superstores. Additionally, the company is also engaged in clothing and no n-food product activities (University of Exeter, 2004). The 21st century has witnessed drastic socio-economic changes along with information technology changes. These changes help various organisations to overcome a few of their limitations related to business operation and provided organisations with numerous opportunities to expand their business and earn substantial profit. These changes along with the globalisation and liberalisation process have drastically influenced the business doing processes including marketing. The changes brought new ideas and terms in the marketing sector such as E-Commerce and have reasonably influenced marketing ethics as well as the concept of brand and brand development have got tremendously popular among the organisations and widely distributed customers. E-Marketing Marketing is a broad concept, apart from selling and purchasing of tangible or intangible (services) goods, it comprises all those activities that are related with selling and purchasi ng of goods and services. The present marketing concept significantly varies from those of the traditional concept. The recent development in the marketing segment has given a birth to E-Marketing, relatively new term which has increased the scope of marketing and has provided business and customers a convenient way for interacting with each other. Electronic marketing or E-marketing essentially refers to utilisation of marketing techniques through electronic media, particularly

Contemporary Issues In Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Contemporary Issues In Marketing - Essay Example Marketing has over the years emerged as a prime business concept and pertinent organisational function. It has been observed that marketing is a key towards attaining desired level of success for every company. With the emergence of 21st century, technology has started to play a vital role for the organisations to prepare their marketing mix related strategies and also their overall product assortment (Brown, 2001). In the 21st century, the traditional approaches related to marketing have started to depict their limitations owing to the fact that companies have quite less amount of direct contact with their existing as well as prospective customers. The aspect of information which is quite readily obtainable through the advent of internet has made consumers to become more passive as well as homogenous. Therefore, companies are increasingly finding the need to devise strategic initiatives to retain their customer base. Customer need identification has become one of the leading strategies incorporated in marketing to derive competitive advantage. Companies are also attempting to create inimitable marketing strategies to lure the customers towards their offerings which would in turn enable them establish their brand recognition in the market (Kamei, 2000). In order to comprehend the changing scenario in marketing in the 21st century, Tesco Plc has been selected.Tesco was founded back in 1919 as a m arket stall in London’s East End. From its foundation to till now the company’s business has attained tremendous growth in its global operations. Presently, the company functions in fourteen markets of Asia, North America and Europe. It employs over 500,000 people and serves 10 million customers worldwide in a single week (Tesco Plc, 2012). The company’s headquarter is located in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Tesco is committed to offer the best shopping experience to its diverse range of customers. Moreover, the company is determined to serve its varied customers, communities and partners in best possible way (Tesco, 2012). At present, the company is regarded as one of the largest and successful food retailers operating in the United Kingdom along with its operations in more than 2318 stores located across the world. The company sells more than 40,000 food items in its distinctly located superstores. Additionally, the company is also engaged in clothing and no n-food product activities (University of Exeter, 2004). The 21st century has witnessed drastic socio-economic changes along with information technology changes. These changes help various organisations to overcome a few of their limitations related to business operation and provided organisations with numerous opportunities to expand their business and earn substantial profit. These changes along with the globalisation and liberalisation process have drastically influenced the business doing processes including marketing. The changes brought new ideas and terms in the marketing sector such as E-Commerce and have reasonably influenced marketing ethics as well as the concept of brand and brand development have got tremendously popular among the organisations and widely distributed customers. E-Marketing Marketing is a broad concept, apart from selling and purchasing of tangible or intangible (services) goods, it comprises all those activities that are related with selling and purchasi ng of goods and services. The present marketing concept significantly varies from those of the traditional concept. The recent development in the marketing segment has given a birth to E-Marketing, relatively new term which has increased the scope of marketing and has provided business and customers a convenient way for interacting with each other. Electronic marketing or E-marketing essentially refers to utilisation of marketing techniques through electronic media, particularly

Contemporary Issues In Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Contemporary Issues In Marketing - Essay Example Marketing has over the years emerged as a prime business concept and pertinent organisational function. It has been observed that marketing is a key towards attaining desired level of success for every company. With the emergence of 21st century, technology has started to play a vital role for the organisations to prepare their marketing mix related strategies and also their overall product assortment (Brown, 2001). In the 21st century, the traditional approaches related to marketing have started to depict their limitations owing to the fact that companies have quite less amount of direct contact with their existing as well as prospective customers. The aspect of information which is quite readily obtainable through the advent of internet has made consumers to become more passive as well as homogenous. Therefore, companies are increasingly finding the need to devise strategic initiatives to retain their customer base. Customer need identification has become one of the leading strategies incorporated in marketing to derive competitive advantage. Companies are also attempting to create inimitable marketing strategies to lure the customers towards their offerings which would in turn enable them establish their brand recognition in the market (Kamei, 2000). In order to comprehend the changing scenario in marketing in the 21st century, Tesco Plc has been selected.Tesco was founded back in 1919 as a m arket stall in London’s East End. From its foundation to till now the company’s business has attained tremendous growth in its global operations. Presently, the company functions in fourteen markets of Asia, North America and Europe. It employs over 500,000 people and serves 10 million customers worldwide in a single week (Tesco Plc, 2012). The company’s headquarter is located in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Tesco is committed to offer the best shopping experience to its diverse range of customers. Moreover, the company is determined to serve its varied customers, communities and partners in best possible way (Tesco, 2012). At present, the company is regarded as one of the largest and successful food retailers operating in the United Kingdom along with its operations in more than 2318 stores located across the world. The company sells more than 40,000 food items in its distinctly located superstores. Additionally, the company is also engaged in clothing and no n-food product activities (University of Exeter, 2004). The 21st century has witnessed drastic socio-economic changes along with information technology changes. These changes help various organisations to overcome a few of their limitations related to business operation and provided organisations with numerous opportunities to expand their business and earn substantial profit. These changes along with the globalisation and liberalisation process have drastically influenced the business doing processes including marketing. The changes brought new ideas and terms in the marketing sector such as E-Commerce and have reasonably influenced marketing ethics as well as the concept of brand and brand development have got tremendously popular among the organisations and widely distributed customers. E-Marketing Marketing is a broad concept, apart from selling and purchasing of tangible or intangible (services) goods, it comprises all those activities that are related with selling and purchasi ng of goods and services. The present marketing concept significantly varies from those of the traditional concept. The recent development in the marketing segment has given a birth to E-Marketing, relatively new term which has increased the scope of marketing and has provided business and customers a convenient way for interacting with each other. Electronic marketing or E-marketing essentially refers to utilisation of marketing techniques through electronic media, particularly

End of the novel Essay Example for Free

End of the novel Essay This is similar to Victors pursuit for glory, as both men (Victor and Walton) are putting the life of themselves and other men in danger by continuing to try and achieve their ambition. From Victors above words we can see that he is still motivated to seek revenge on the monster, despite the danger to his life. He also attempts to put the life of others in danger, as he asks Walton to murder the monster if he gets a chance:  If I do (die), swear to me, Walton, that (the monster) shall not escape; that you seek him, and satisfy my vengeance in his death.   (Volume 3, Chapter 7, p212) When Victor enters the novel, he is portrayed as a noble and kind person who is capable of both love and friendship. He has strong ambition and eager to learn. However, one gets the impression that when he starts to create life, he is trying to take the role of God, and becomes obsessed with gaining glory and power so much, that he forgets the importance of love and family. Victor also fails to care for the monster, which in my opinion is highly monstrous as it just like abandoning a new born baby. Furthermore, Victor acts selfishly in many occasions throughout the play. He decides to create a female companion for the monster, to stop the monster chasing him. But he goes against his promise when he thinks about what the world will think of him, if a race of monsters attacks the world. Everything Victor does is centred on himself and he only thinks about what benefit it would be to himself, when he considers an action. Now that I have considered Victor as a character, I will now examine the monster. The monster starts off his life as an innocent creature; however his abnormal figure and demented shape caused people to be scared of him and reject him. When the monster walked into an old mans home to obtain food and shelter, the old man:  -turned on hearing a noise; and, perceiving (the monster), shrieked loudly, and, quitting the hut, ran across the fields.  (Volume 2, Chapter 3, p108) All the man had to see was monsters figure to make him run away without any enquiry. This suggests that the creatures look posed a threat to everyone who saw him, and led to him being alienated from society.  However the monster is quite kind to start off with. While he was observing the De Lacy family, he demonstrates his kind gestures by gathering a great pile of wood for the De Lacy family to use as firewood. He also put their well being before his starvation, as he stopped stealing a part of their store for (his) own consumption when he found out that it inflicted pain on the cottagers. During the beginning period the monster spends with the De Lacy family, he perceives that the words they spoke sometimes produced pleasure or pain, smiles or sadness, in the minds and countenances of the hearers. He too wanted to be able to interact in this way and ardently desired to become acquainted with speech. This shows that the monster is eager to learn and wants to become just like other humans. Once the monster has mastered the use of speech, his desire to be like humans motivated him to enter the house of the De Lacy family, and speak to the blind old man when he was left alone at the cottage. This shows that the monster has some wit and cleverness as he selects a person who cant judge him by his figure, but his personality and speech. However, whilst he is talking to the blind old man, the rest of the De Lacy family return home and were shocked by the appearance of the monster to such an extent that Felix, a male member of the De Lacy family, beat the monster violently with a stick using supernatural force. It is this mistreatment of the monster that sparks a deadly hatred within himself for his creator. The monster had received abuse from the De Lacy family after he had helped them, all because of the way that Victor had made him look, and the fact that he had failed to protect him. It is this anger that makes the monster monstrous by personality and drives him to kill William (Victors younger brother):  Frankenstein! You belong then to my enemyto him towards whom I have sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim.  (Volume 2, Chapter 8, p144) The monster also seems to be jealous of Victor, as he knows that he can never have love and relationship like him and other humans because of the way he looks. We know this because the monster frames Justine for murder of William, as he knew he could never possess anything as beautiful as her. And it is this feeling that brings the monster to demand Victor to make a creature of another sex, but as hideous as himself. From this, we can see all that the monster wants is a bit of love and companionship, to make him lead a life which is similar to humans. However Victor cheats the monster by first agreeing to create the female monster, but then tearing (her) to pieces in front the monster at the final stages of her production. This upsets the monster as Victor has effectively destroyed the monsters only chance of love in front of his eyes. This antagonism caused the monster to become monstrous once again, as he murders both Henry Clerval and Elizabeth (now Victors wife): -what I now held in my arms had ceased to be the Elizabeth whom I had loved and cherished. The murderous mark of the fiends grasp was on her neck, and the breath had ceased to issue from her lips. (Volume 3, Chapter 6, p199)  Despite this, the monster does illustrate some humane characteristics towards the end of the novel. He presents great grievance for the death of Victor, and heartfelt remorse for his malicious actions:  Oh, Frankenstein! generous and self-devoted being! What does it avail that I now ask thee to pardon me? I, who irretrievably destroyed thee by destroying all thou lovedst.

Land Destruction Essay -- Environmental Ecology Nature Essays

Land Destruction What is land destruction? Land destruction involves many different things. It can be logging of trees and rain forest. Nuclear waste is one that is very serious that is harmful to the land. As well, pollution, air, water and land all do damage of some kind. Land destruction is something that doesn’t need to be taking lightly. There are many other items such as building and dams that cause damage to the land as well. This is a topic that needs to be addressed and fixed. All of this items listed above are dreadful to the land. Land destruction needs to be stopped and taken care of before it goes to far to stop. Pollution is something that is everywhere. It is a subject that affects the way of life across the world. â€Å"The causes of pollution in the region include agricultural practices, mining, and household and industrial activities that generate waste streams into water, air, and land systems.† (Zurick, 1) Causes of pollution vary from what they are to what they do the land. Chemicals are one type of pollution that does serious harm to the land. â€Å"World sales in chemical products have multiplied nine times since 1970, increasing from 171 billion dollars to 1500 billions in 1998.† (Industrial, 1) This meaning that there are more chemicals out there to do more damage to the land. â€Å"Among the most polluting products are heavy metals - for example, mercury inside batteries, lead in gasoline - and pollutants made from oil (plastic†¦).† (Industrial, 1) There are many cars around the world that need gasoline to run as well as batteries to make the auto mobiles go where they need to go. â€Å"One battery containing mercury thrown into nature pollutes 400 liters of water and one third of land during 50 years.... ... keep down the waste. As well as replanting trees after logging takes place. We need to get land destruction under control before it become to much, and our land becomes overrun with dirt and pollution and it can not be used for anything. The land damage needs to be stopped now, and help keep the world in good shape so the future generations will have land to enjoy! Work Cited â€Å"Industrial Pollution†. Young Reporter for the Environment. http://www.ac-grenoble.fr/yre/article.php3?id_article=212. Joyce, S. Is It Worth a Dam?. Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 105, Number 10, October 1997. â€Å"Land Destruction†. Saving Our Environment. http:// library.thinkquest.org/C0111401/land_pollution.htm Reisner, M. (2000). A Forest of Voices: Conversations in Ecology (2nd Ed.). Coming Undammed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.

Stranded: Gun and Injured Wolf

Frozen, with snow barricading the front door. Opening one old, rickety door took us more than ten minutes. We had physically exhausted ourselves, digging through the snow with our bare hands. Every inch of our bodies ached and all sensation had been lost. â€Å"Hurry up, It's getting dark and I'm getting hungry. † I shouted. â€Å"We need to find that weapon or something sharp! † Squeaked Jim. I quickly decided to abandon the Idea of a rescue plan for the Injured wolf. This seemed a good Idea at the time due to everybody feeling the way they did.We later found out that it was the wrong decision to leave the wolf injured and nearly paid with our lives. I decided to ask Scarlet and Jim if they minded that I was behaving as team leader without a vote from the group. As I was the strongest and oldest they were happy to agree. Our first night away from our parents wasn't pretty. No food, no defense. What had started out to be a rescue mission for the Injured mammal; had alre ady become ours. It was a long night, with the snow drifting Inside the cabin. We were out In the open and were fighting for our lives.To survive we had to work as a team and be quick Through the shutters on the broken, rusty window was a distant figure. Suddenly he started to approach the cabin. â€Å"01†¦ Who are you thinking you can trespass on my property! † bellowed a strange voice in the background. â€Å"Hello? † we all answered simultaneously. You could tell we were all petrified. I tried being fearless, but inside I trembled in my boots. I was hoping this was not apparent to the stranger, who I considered scary and looking like a hillbilly's! I dread to think how Scarlet was feeling.I could see her physically shaking. An old, wrinkly man appeared wrapped with layers of wool around him. His long, rough, black hair blew in the strong, icy wind. However I quickly noticed dripping on the floor was thick, black, blood, Just like on the injured wolf. Straight t he way we stood, and were full of terror. Stranger danger! I could hear my mum reminding me in my head! We could never trust the man. I took a step back from Scarlet and Jim. They were frozen on the spot seeming to be glued to the floor. I quickly grabbed them towards me creating a little space.We noticed he had a gun in is left leather pouch on his belt. We knew we were already at a disadvantage. Miracles do happen! With the sudden noise and movement of a wild boar on the cabin roof. The stranger became distracted. This was the moment to see if he was really a human! Quickly we all opened the shutters on the windows to let as much sunlight in as possible. It was our only chance. My nightmare became reality. The stranger was full of fury and howled like a beast. This exposed his disgusting, large, yellow fangs. His fingers sprouted claws of a wolf.We all knew he wasn't human, neither mammal. He was a werewolf. Typically we had learnt something valuable in school regarding how to kil l a werewolf. We new the sunlight weakened him. He stood tall as if he felt in charge. The gun from the leather pouch dropped when the sunlight hit him. We all scrambled for the gun. Scarlet was the quickest and released a few rounds of bullets. The werewolf hesitated and ran for his life. Scarlet thought she had missed but remembers Mrs. Hilton saying â€Å"Only one silver bullet will kill a werewolf; nothing other than. †

The Catcher in the Rye Characters

The Catcher in the Rye remains a singular creation, a novel that is wholly tied to the intelligent, immature, and tortured point-of-view of its main character, Holden Caulfield. In some ways Holden is the only character in The Catcher in the Rye, as everyone else in the story is filtered through Holden’s perception, which is unreliable and often self-indulgent. The end result of this technique is that every other character and their actions must be judged in terms of Holden’s evolution or lack thereof—are the people he meets really phonies or does he only see them that way? The fact that Holden’s Voice still rings true today, while his unreliable nature makes understanding the other characters a challenge, is a testament to Salinger’s skill. Holden Caulfield Holden Caulfield is the sixteen-year-old narrator of the novel. Intelligent and emotional, Holden feels lonely and alienated from the world around him. He considers most of the people and places he encounters phony—hypocritical, inauthentic, and pretentious. Holden strives to present himself as a cynical and worldly person who sees through everyone elses tricks, but at times his own youthful naà ¯vetà © shines through. Holdens cynicism can be viewed as a defense mechanism, employed to avoid facing the pain of adulthood and its accompanying loss of innocence. Indeed, Holden adores his younger sister Phoebe and cherishes her innocence, which he equates to inherent goodness. His fantasy of playing the role of catcher in the rye serves to highlight this point: since Holden cannot restore his own innocence, he yearns to protect the innocence of others. Holden is an unreliable first-person narrator. All of Holdens experiences and interactions are presented from his own perspective, so the reader never gets objective information about the novels events. However, there are hints Holden is describing something of a fantasy version of himself, as when the women at the Lavender Room laugh after Holden convinces their friend to dance with him. Holden is obsessed with death, particularly the death of his younger brother, Allie. Over the course of the novel, his health seems to disintegrate. He experiences headaches and nausea and at one point loses consciousness. These symptoms may be real, but they could also be psychosomatic, representing Holdens increasing inner turmoil as he repeatedly tries and fails to find human connection. Ackley Ackley is a classmate of Holdens at Pencey Prep. He has bad hygiene and isnt very popular. Holden claims to despise Ackley, but the two boys go to the movies together, and Holden seeks out Ackley after his altercation with Stradlater. There are hints that Holden views Ackley as a version of himself. Ackley brags about made-up sexual experiences in much the same way that Holden feigns worldliness and life experience. In fact, Holden treats Ackley rather similarly to how other people treat Holden at different points in the story. Stradlater Stradlater is Holden’s roommate at Pencey Prep. Confident, handsome, and popular, Stradlater is, in some ways, everything Holden wishes he could be. He describes Stradlater’s inappropriate seduction techniques with breathless admiration, while at the same time clearly understanding how terrible Stradlaters behavior is. Holden is too sensitive to be like Stradlater—notice how he describes the girl he likes in terms of her interests and feelings, not her physicality—but there is a part of him that wishes he was. Phoebe Caulfield Phoebe is Holden’s ten-year-old sister. She is one of the few people Holden does not consider phony. Smart and loving, Phoebe is one of Holdens only sources of happiness. She is also unusually perceptive for her age—she instantly perceives Holden’s pain and offers to run away with him in order to help him. For Holden, Phoebe embodies the lost childhood innocence that he is mourning. Allie Caulfield Allie is Holdens late brother, who died of leukemia prior to the start of the novels events. Holden views Allie as a perfect innocent who died before he could be corrupted by knowledge and maturity. In some ways, the memory of Allie is a stand-in for Holdens younger self, the boy he used to be before the loss of innocence. Sally Hayes Sally Hayes is a teenage girl who goes on dates with Holden. Holden thinks Sally is stupid and conventional, but her actions dont support this assessment. Sally is well-read and well-mannered, and her self-centeredness seems more like developmentally-appropriate teenage behavior than a lifetime personality flaw. When Holden invites Sally to run away with him, Sallys rejection of the fantasy is rooted in a clear-headed analysis of their prospects. In other words, Sally’s sole crime is not conforming to Holden’s fantasy about her. In turn, Holden covers his hurt at being rejected by deciding Sally is not worth his time (a very adolescent reaction). Carl Luce Carl Luce is Holdens former student advisor from the Whooton School. He is three years older than Holden. At Whooton, Carl was a source of information about sex for the younger boys. When Holden is in New York City, he meets up with Carl, who is now nineteen and a student at Columbia. Holden tries to get Carl to talk about sex, but Carl refuses and eventually becomes so frustrated with the incessant questioning that he leaves. Holden also asks about Carls sexual orientation, a moment that suggests Holden may be questioning his own sexuality. Mr. Antolini Mr. Antolini is Holdens former English teacher. Mr. Antolini is sincerely invested in helping Holden, offering him emotional support, advice, and even a place to stay. During their conversation, he treats Holden with respect and acknowledges Holdens struggles and sensitivity. Holden likes Mr. Antolini, but when he wakes up to find Mr. Antolinis hand on his forehead, he interprets the action as a sexual advance and leaves abruptly. It is unclear whether Holdens interpretation is accurate, however, as the gesture could simply signify care and concern. Sunny Sunny is a prostitute that Maurice, the elevator operator-sum-pimp at the hotel sends to Holden. She appears to Holden to be quite young and immature, and he loses interest in having sex with her after observing some of her nervous habits. Holden comes to see her as being worse off than he is—a lone moment of sympathy for the character. She becomes, in other words, a human being to him instead of a sex object, and he can’t bring himself to do anything. At the same time, his loss of sexual desire could be seen as a lack of interest in the female gender.